{"id":1015,"date":"2025-10-16T15:18:52","date_gmt":"2025-10-16T11:48:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/?p=1015"},"modified":"2025-10-16T15:31:27","modified_gmt":"2025-10-16T12:01:27","slug":"6-boyuk-rus-%c9%99dibi-qislar-diyarindan-unudulmus-s%c9%99sl%c9%99r","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/az\/6-boyuk-rus-%c9%99dibi-qislar-diyarindan-unudulmus-s%c9%99sl%c9%99r\/","title":{"rendered":"6 b\u00f6y\u00fck Rus \u0259dibi; q\u0131\u015flar diyar\u0131ndan unudulmu\u015f s\u0259sl\u0259r"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u0259ha Eyali<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu \u0259dibl\u0259r s\u0131ravi insanlar\u0131n sosial h\u0259yat\u0131na v\u0259 Rusiya c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 orta t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259nin meydana g\u0259lm\u0259sin\u0259 dair f\u0259rqli bax\u0131\u015flar t\u0259qdim etmi\u015fl\u0259r, buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 onlar\u0131n \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri 19-cu \u0259srd\u0259 Rus m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tini v\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259sini anlamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tlidir. Burada biz, yenid\u0259n k\u0259\u015ff edilm\u0259y\u0259 layiq olan bu unudulmu\u015f s\u0259sl\u0259rd\u0259n b\u0259zil\u0259rin\u0259 diqq\u0259t yetir\u0259c\u0259yik v\u0259 onlar\u0131n h\u0259yat yollar\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 oxunu\u015f apararaq, Rusiyan\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259ni v\u0259 intellektual kimliyinin formala\u015fmas\u0131nda oynad\u0131qlar\u0131 m\u00fch\u00fcm rolu a\u015fkara \u00e7\u0131xaraca\u011f\u0131q.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Apollon Maykov: Sakit \u0130nqilab\u0131n \u015eairi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apollon Nikolayevi\u00e7 Maykovu (1821-1897) Rus romantizm h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n g\u00f6rk\u0259mli \u015fairl\u0259rind\u0259n biri kimi t\u0259snif etm\u0259k \u00e7ox asand\u0131r. O, \u201cDekabristl\u0259r \u00fcsyan\u0131\u201dn\u0131n irsi haqq\u0131nda yazan g\u00f6rk\u0259mli s\u0259sl\u0259rd\u0259n biri hesab olunur v\u0259 klassik \u015feir \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259rini m\u00fct\u0259r\u0259qqi siyasi m\u00f6vqel\u0259rl\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. \u015eeir\u0259, t\u0259nqid\u0259 v\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259y\u0259 verdiyi d\u0259rin t\u00f6hf\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 baxmayaraq, onun \u0259d\u0259bi irsi Pu\u015fkin v\u0259 Bakunin kimi n\u0259h\u0259ngl\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f qald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maykov yarad\u0131c\u0131 bir ail\u0259d\u0259 anadan olub; atas\u0131 Nikolay Maykov (1794-1873) Rusiya s\u0259n\u0259t dair\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f r\u0259ssam, anas\u0131 Yevgeniya Petrovna Maykova (1803-1880) is\u0259 \u015fair v\u0259 yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 idi. Qarda\u015f\u0131 Valerian (1823-1847) yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259d\u0259bi t\u0259nqid\u00e7i olub v\u0259 \u0259d\u0259bi t\u0259nqid s\u0259n\u0259tin\u0259 Rusiya elmi yana\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u0259tir\u0259n ilk \u015f\u0259xs hesab olunurdu, ki\u00e7ik qarda\u015f\u0131 Leonid (1839-1900) is\u0259 tarix sah\u0259sind\u0259 i\u015f v\u0259 t\u0259dqiqata y\u00f6n\u0259lmi\u015f v\u0259 Sankt-Peterburq Elml\u0259r Akademiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczv\u00fc olmu\u015fdur. Apollon t\u0259hsilini Vladimir Solonitsin v\u0259 \u0130van Qon\u00e7arovun yan\u0131nda evd\u0259 alm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra Sankt-Peterburq Universitetinin h\u00fcquq fak\u00fclt\u0259sin\u0259 daxil olmu\u015f, burada Lat\u0131n v\u0259 Q\u0259dim Yunan dill\u0259rini \u00f6yr\u0259nmi\u015fdir ki, bu da ona Yunan v\u0259 Roma klassikl\u0259rini orijinal m\u0259tnl\u0259rind\u0259 oxuma\u011fa k\u00f6m\u0259k etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O, \u201cDekabristl\u0259r \u00fcsyan\u0131\u201dn\u0131n irsi haqq\u0131nda yazan s\u0259sl\u0259rd\u0259n biri idi, x\u00fcsus\u0259n d\u0259 \u201c\u015eahzad\u0259\u201d poemas\u0131nda, hans\u0131 ki, o d\u00f6vr\u00fcn g\u0259nc n\u0259slinin ideallar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r v\u0259 Rusiyadak\u0131 siyasi v\u0259 ictimai \u015f\u0259raitin q\u0131nanmas\u0131 kimi xidm\u0259t edirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Onun q\u0259dim \u015e\u0259rq klassik \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rinin, \u0259sas\u0259n d\u0259 q\u0259dim \u015e\u0259rq Slavyan dilind\u0259n m\u00fcasir Rus dilin\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 etdiyi poetik dastan **\u201c\u0130qor y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f\u00fc haqq\u0131nda dastan\u201d**\u0131n t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259l\u0259ri slavyan klassik irsini yeni n\u0259sill\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131rmaqda m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynay\u0131b. M\u00fcasirl\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilm\u0259sin\u0259 baxmayaraq, bu \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r dem\u0259k olar ki, unudulub, t\u0131pk\u0131 daha populyar yaz\u0131lar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131ndan sonra t\u0259siri azalan dig\u0259r \u0259d\u0259bi \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri kimi. Bununla bel\u0259, onun \u015feiri rus ziyal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n nail olma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sakit inqilabi iddialar\u0131n s\u00fcbutu olaraq qal\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rus \u015fairi Apollon Maykov (1821\u20131897)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maykov Rusiyada Maarif\u00e7ilik ideyalar\u0131 v\u0259 islahat \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan t\u0259sirl\u0259nmi\u015f, daha azad v\u0259 daha az z\u00fclmkar bir c\u0259miyy\u0259t arzulay\u0131rd\u0131. Yuxar\u0131da qeyd edildiyi kimi, Apollon **\u201cDekabristl\u0259r \u00fcsyan\u0131\u201d**n\u0131n irsi haqq\u0131nda yazan s\u0259sl\u0259rd\u0259n biridir, x\u00fcsus\u0259n d\u0259 <strong>\u201c\u015eahzad\u0259\u201d<\/strong> poemas\u0131nda, hans\u0131 ki, o d\u00f6vr\u00fcn g\u0259nc n\u0259slinin ideallar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r v\u0259 Rusiyadak\u0131 siyasi v\u0259 ictimai \u015f\u0259raitin, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n radikallar\u0131n istifad\u0259 etdiyi <strong>zorak\u0131l\u0131q<\/strong> \u00fcsullar\u0131n\u0131n q\u0131nanmas\u0131 kimi xidm\u0259t edirdi. Onun <strong>\u201c\u0130ki Tale\u201d<\/strong> poemas\u0131 da f\u0259rdl\u0259rin ged\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yi f\u0259rqli yollar v\u0259 talehin insan h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131 formala\u015fd\u0131rmaqdak\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259sirli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259dir: bu poema, talehin insan h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n gedi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n ed\u0259n g\u00fcc oldu\u011fu v\u0259 f\u0259rdl\u0259rin onun t\u0259sirl\u0259rind\u0259n qa\u00e7a bilm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259yi fikrini n\u00fcmayi\u015f etdirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maykov klassik \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259ri inqilabi ideyalarla birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n m\u00fct\u0259r\u0259qqi liberal \u015fair idi. \u018fs\u0259rl\u0259ri h\u0259mya\u015f\u0131dlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259ld\u0259 etdiyi populyarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 qazanmasa da, onun Rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131na verdiyi t\u00f6hf\u0259l\u0259r \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli olaraq qal\u0131r v\u0259 onun t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 \u015feirl\u0259ri \u00f6z n\u0259slinin sosial v\u0259 siyasi d\u0259yi\u015fikliy\u0259 olan \u00fcmidl\u0259rinin s\u00fcbutudur v\u0259 onun irsi Rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda yenid\u0259n k\u0259\u015ff edilm\u0259y\u0259 layiqdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130van Qon\u00e7arov: \u201cOblomov\u201d v\u0259 Dur\u011funlu\u011fun Tarixi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130van Aleksandrovi\u00e7 Qon\u00e7arov (1812-1891) dig\u0259r rus yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar aras\u0131nda \u00f6z yerini tutur, baxmayaraq ki, onun \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri, Dostoyevski v\u0259 Tolstoy kimi m\u00fcasirl\u0259rinin \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri q\u0259d\u0259r qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilm\u0259yib. Onun \u0259d\u0259bi d\u0259y\u0259rinin b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259n bariz n\u00fcmun\u0259si, 19-cu \u0259srd\u0259 Rus c\u0259miyy\u0259tini k\u0259skin t\u0259nqid etdiyi, \u0259sas\u0259n aristokratiyan\u0131n intellektual v\u0259 m\u0259n\u0259vi dur\u011funlu\u011funa diqq\u0259t yetirdiyi \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz roman\u0131 **\u201cOblomov\u201d**dur. Romanda Qon\u00e7arov Oblomov obraz\u0131n\u0131 zad\u0259gan sinfinin ictimai v\u0259 siyasi d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rl\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259 qurmaqda acizliyinin simvolu kimi t\u0259svir edir, bel\u0259 ki, onun \u0259zab\u0131 \u015f\u0259xsi t\u0259nb\u0259llik m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sini a\u015faraq, d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fa bilm\u0259y\u0259n, bel\u0259likl\u0259 o d\u00f6vrd\u0259 Rus c\u0259miyy\u0259tini mane\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259d\u0259n kollektiv dur\u011funlu\u011fun g\u00fczg\u00fcs\u00fcn\u0259 \u00e7evril\u0259n bir qrupu t\u0259msil edir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qon\u00e7arov \u201cOblomov\u201dda t\u0259k f\u0259rdin t\u0259nqidi il\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015fm\u0131r, \u0259ksin\u0259, k\u00f6hn\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 modernl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 t\u0259zyiql\u0259ri aras\u0131nda s\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131b qalm\u0131\u015f bir c\u0259miyy\u0259tin m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259sini t\u0259qdim edir, bu da elitan\u0131n daha geni\u015f sosial reall\u0131qdan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u0259ks etdirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qon\u00e7arov \u201cOblomov\u201dda t\u0259k f\u0259rdin t\u0259nqidi il\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015fm\u0131r, \u0259ksin\u0259, k\u00f6hn\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 modernl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 t\u0259zyiql\u0259ri aras\u0131nda s\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131b qalm\u0131\u015f bir c\u0259miyy\u0259tin m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259sini t\u0259qdim edir, bu da elitan\u0131n daha geni\u015f sosial reall\u0131qdan (k\u0259ndlil\u0259r v\u0259 yaranmaqda olan orta t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259 kimi) ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u0259ks etdirir v\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259li bir sosial t\u0259nqid\u0259 \u00e7evrilir. Oblomov Rus realizminin bir n\u00fcmun\u0259si hesab edils\u0259 d\u0259, o, g\u00fcnd\u0259lik h\u0259yat\u0131n t\u0259svirind\u0259n k\u0259nara \u00e7\u0131xaraq, personajlar\u0131n\u0131n psixoloji m\u00fcbariz\u0259sin\u0259 toxunur v\u0259 Qon\u00e7arov bunun vasit\u0259sil\u0259 intellektual iflicin v\u0259 dur\u011funlu\u011fun f\u0259rdi d\u00fcnyadan nec\u0259 t\u0259crid etdiyini g\u00f6st\u0259rir, d\u0259yi\u015fiklik arzusu il\u0259 u\u011fursuzluq qorxusu aras\u0131ndak\u0131 daxili m\u00fcbariz\u0259y\u0259 i\u015far\u0259 edir ki, bu da Dostoyevskinin sonradan yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 psixoloji romanlar\u0131n x\u0259b\u0259r\u00e7isidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cOblomov\u201ddan ba\u015fqa, Qon\u00e7arov \u015f\u0259xsi ist\u0259kl\u0259rl\u0259 sosial m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259r aras\u0131ndak\u0131 daxili m\u00fcbariz\u0259 x\u0259ttini \u00e7\u0259k\u0259n <strong>\u201cU\u00e7urum\u201d<\/strong> kimi ba\u015fqa romanlar da yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r, eyni zamanda 19-cu \u0259srd\u0259 Rus c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259ki m\u0259yusluq v\u0259 dur\u011funluq fonunda \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc realla\u015fd\u0131rmaq u\u011frunda m\u00fcbariz\u0259ni vur\u011fulay\u0131r. H\u0259m\u00e7inin <strong>\u201cH\u0259min K\u00f6hn\u0259 Hekay\u0259\u201d<\/strong> roman\u0131, h\u0259yat\u0131n m\u0259nas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 dur\u011funlu\u011funu \u0259ks etdirir, burada personajlar dar\u0131xd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir rutind\u0259 v\u0259 \u015f\u0259xsi arzularla sosial t\u0259zyiql\u0259r aras\u0131ndak\u0131 daxili m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 ili\u015fib qal\u0131rlar. Bu \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r eyni d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilm\u0259s\u0259 d\u0259, Qon\u00e7arovun sosial dur\u011funlu\u011fa dair t\u0259nqidi bax\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tamamlay\u0131r. Zaman ke\u00e7dikc\u0259 v\u0259 dig\u0259r yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131larla m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 k\u0259narda qalsa da, Qon\u00e7arovun irsi Rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t k\u0259sb edir, \u00e7\u00fcnki d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259n c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 f\u0259rdl\u0259rin psixoloji v\u0259 intellektual b\u00f6hranlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259hlili il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 ke\u00e7\u0259rli olan ictimai v\u0259 \u0259xlaqi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259svir edir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Aleksey Pisemski: Rus C\u0259miyy\u0259tinin Absurdluyu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aleksey Feofilaktovi\u00e7 Pisemskini (1821-1881) Fyodor <strong>Dostoyevski<\/strong> v\u0259 \u0130van Turgenyev kimi b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259dibl\u0259r s\u0131ras\u0131na qoymaq b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00fcbali\u011f\u0259dir, lakin onu oxuyanda k\u0259skin z\u0259kas\u0131 v\u0259 c\u0259sar\u0259tli sosial t\u0259nqidi il\u0259 se\u00e7il\u0259n yarad\u0131c\u0131 bir yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 k\u0259\u015ff ed\u0259c\u0259yik ki, bu da onu 19-cu \u0259srin \u0259n g\u00f6rk\u0259mli sosial m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259\u00e7il\u0259rind\u0259n biri etdi. O, zad\u0259gan bir ail\u0259d\u0259 do\u011fulsa da, tezlikl\u0259 \u0259silli oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ona veril\u0259n imtiyazlar\u0131 r\u0259dd etdi v\u0259 Rusiyada sosial t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259l\u0259\u015fm\u0259ni t\u0259nqid etm\u0259y\u0259 v\u0259 onun \u0259xlaq\u0131n\u0131n pisl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sini if\u015fa etm\u0259y\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259ldi. O, bu yana\u015fmaya ilk roman\u0131 olan **\u201cSada\u201d**dan ba\u015flad\u0131, hans\u0131 ki, o, sosial \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 f\u0259rdi ist\u0259kl\u0259r aras\u0131ndak\u0131 g\u0259rginliy\u0259 toxunur v\u0259 orada insan <strong>t\u0259bi\u0259tinin<\/strong> m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259bliyi v\u0259 \u015f\u0259xsi xo\u015fb\u0259xtliy\u0259 can atma\u011f\u0131n, habel\u0259 h\u0259qiqi hissl\u0259r il\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259tin g\u00f6zl\u0259ntil\u0259ri aras\u0131ndak\u0131 ziddiyy\u0259tin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0259kir. Bu, <strong>\u201cBoyar\u015f\u00e7ina\u201d<\/strong>, <strong>\u201cMin ruh\u201d<\/strong> v\u0259 <strong>\u201cQocal\u0131q g\u00fcnah\u0131\u201d<\/strong> kimi \u0259n g\u00f6rk\u0259mli romanlar\u0131nda rast g\u0259ldiyimiz \u015feydir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O, Rus realizminin s\u00fctunlar\u0131ndan biri olaraq qal\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnki Rus c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin q\u00fcsurlar\u0131n\u0131 if\u015fa ed\u0259n v\u0259 satirik bir \u0259d\u0259bi irs qoyub getdi v\u0259 onun t\u0259siri n\u0259sill\u0259r boyu Rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda davam edib.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lakin Pisemskinin dahiliyi dramaturq kimi f\u0259aliyy\u0259tind\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u0259n parlaq \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rdi. Onun teatr\u0131 Rus c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f absurdlugu t\u0259c\u0259ss\u00fcm etdir\u0259n s\u0259rt faci\u0259vi realizml\u0259 se\u00e7ilirdi, burada o, aristokratiyaya, ziyal\u0131lara v\u0259 yeni burjuaziyaya toxunur v\u0259 onlar\u0131 s\u0259hvl\u0259r v\u0259 riyakarl\u0131qla dolu qruplar kimi t\u0259svir edirdi. Bu, onun \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz pyesi olan **\u201cAc\u0131 Tale\u201d**d\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc tam \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259c\u0259ss\u00fcm etdirmi\u015fdir ki, bu da insan\u0131n se\u00e7iml\u0259rind\u0259n ir\u0259li g\u0259l\u0259n tez-tez s\u0259rt n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r, <strong>sosial<\/strong> t\u0259zyiql\u0259r v\u0259 \u015f\u0259xsi f\u0259dakarl\u0131qlar \u0259traf\u0131nda c\u0259r\u0259yan edir: pyes personajlar\u0131n\u0131n emosional v\u0259 psixoloji m\u00fcbariz\u0259l\u0259rini ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r v\u0259 insan t\u0259bi\u0259tinin m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259blikl\u0259rin\u0259 dal\u0131r, \u015f\u0259xsi m\u0259mnuniyy\u0259t il\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259tin t\u0259tbiq etdiyi m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259r aras\u0131ndak\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259ni g\u00f6st\u0259rir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rus yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Aleksey Pisemski (1821\u20131881)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pisemski h\u0259m\u00e7inin islahat\u00e7\u0131 nitqin\u0259 baxmayaraq, aristokratiyan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcy\u00fc \u0259xlaqi t\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n Rus ziyal\u0131lar\u0131na meydan oxudu. O, \u00f6z \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri il\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rdi ki, islahat yaln\u0131z yuxar\u0131 t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259ki f\u0259rdl\u0259rin d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259sind\u0259n deyil, daha d\u0259rin sosial d\u0259yi\u015fiklikd\u0259n g\u0259lm\u0259lidir. \u018fs\u0259rl\u0259ri Turgenyev v\u0259 ya Dostoyevskinin qazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u00f6hr\u0259ti qazanmasa da, Pisemski Rus <strong>realizminin<\/strong> s\u00fctunlar\u0131ndan biri olaraq qal\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnki Rus c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin q\u00fcsurlar\u0131n\u0131 if\u015fa ed\u0259n v\u0259 satirik bir \u0259d\u0259bi irs qoyub getdi v\u0259 onun t\u0259siri n\u0259sill\u0259r boyu Rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda davam etdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Aleksandr Ostrovski: Rus Realist Teatr\u0131n\u0131n Banisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aleksandr Nikolayevi\u00e7 Ostrovski (1823-1886) q\u0259ti \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 Rus realist teatr\u0131n\u0131n banisi hesab olunur, \u00e7\u00fcnki Rusiyada sad\u0259 v\u0259 adi insanlar\u0131n h\u0259yat\u0131na v\u0259 onlar\u0131n \u0259zablar\u0131na toxunan bir s\u0131ra pyesl\u0259r t\u0259qdim etmi\u015fdir. Ad\u0131 dig\u0259r b\u00f6y\u00fck rus dramaturqlar\u0131 (\u00c7exov, Andreyev, Qoqol v\u0259 Pu\u015fkin kimi) q\u0259d\u0259r qlobal s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 tan\u0131nmasa da, onun Rus teatr\u0131na t\u0259siri az deyil, \u00e7\u00fcnki o, sosial reall\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u0259ssasl\u0131qla v\u0259 diqq\u0259tl\u0259 t\u0259svir etm\u0259kl\u0259 onun inki\u015faf\u0131na t\u00f6hf\u0259 vermi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ostrovski Moskvada anadan olub, atas\u0131 v\u0259kil idi, sonra y\u00fcks\u0259k r\u00fctb\u0259li d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259muru olmu\u015f v\u0259 1839-cu ild\u0259 zad\u0259gan titulu qazanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Atas\u0131n\u0131n yolunu tutaraq Moskva Universitetind\u0259 h\u00fcquq t\u0259hsili alma\u011fa gets\u0259 d\u0259, sonradan teatr d\u00fcnyas\u0131na dalma\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7mi\u015f v\u0259 <strong>d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn<\/strong> \u0259n g\u00f6rk\u0259mli dramaturqlar\u0131ndan birin\u0259 \u00e7evrilmi\u015fdir. Onun teatr karyeras\u0131 1840-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r, m\u0259hz 1847-ci ild\u0259 ilk pyesi **\u201cAil\u0259 \u015f\u0259kli\u201d**nin n\u0259\u015fr olundu\u011fu vaxtdan, 1882-ci ild\u0259 n\u0259\u015fr olunan son pyesi **\u201cYara\u015f\u0131ql\u0131 Adam\u201d**a q\u0259d\u0259r davam etmi\u015fdir. Onun pyesl\u0259rind\u0259n bir \u00e7ox film v\u0259 opera \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri, b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259n m\u0259\u015fhurlar\u0131 Pyotr Todorovskinin rejissorlu\u011fu il\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kilmi\u015f <strong>\u201cSon Qurban\u201d<\/strong> (1975) filmi v\u0259 Leo\u015f Yana\u00e7ekin b\u0259st\u0259l\u0259diyi \u00c7ex operas\u0131 <strong>\u201cKatya Kabanova\u201d<\/strong> (1921) (bu, <strong>\u201cF\u0131rt\u0131na\u201d<\/strong> pyesind\u0259n g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr) adaptasiya edilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ostrovskinin Rus teatr\u0131ndak\u0131 irsi b\u00f6y\u00fck bir istinad n\u00f6qt\u0259sidir, \u00e7\u00fcnki o, s\u0259hn\u0259nin c\u0259miyy\u0259tin g\u00fczg\u00fcs\u00fc v\u0259 m\u0259n\u0259vi t\u0259nqid vasit\u0259si kimi rolunu yenid\u0259n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirdi v\u0259 sad\u0259 v\u0259 s\u0131ravi insanlar\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259mi\u015f bir dramatik m\u00f6vcudluq b\u0259x\u015f etdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Onun \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rini f\u0259rql\u0259ndir\u0259n \u015fey realizmin ifrat\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnki o, h\u0259yat\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0259xlaqi v\u0259 sosial m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259blikl\u0259ri il\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi t\u0259svir edirdi. Onun \u0259n g\u00f6rk\u0259mli pyesl\u0259ri olan <strong>\u201cF\u0131rt\u0131na\u201d<\/strong> (1859) v\u0259 <strong>\u201cMe\u015f\u0259\u201d<\/strong> (1871) pyesl\u0259rind\u0259, Rus c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259ki, x\u00fcsus\u0259n d\u0259 aristokratiya v\u0259 ticar\u0259t sinifl\u0259rind\u0259ki m\u0259n\u0259vi t\u0259n\u0259zz\u00fcl\u00fc v\u0259 riyakarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u0259nqid edir, k\u0259ndlil\u0259rin v\u0259 qad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u0259zablar\u0131na diqq\u0259t yetirirdi. Qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, onun qad\u0131nlar\u0131 t\u0259svir etm\u0259si \u00f6z d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 yenilik\u00e7i idi, \u00e7\u00fcnki onlar\u0131 m\u00fcst\u0259qillik v\u0259 l\u0259yaq\u0259tli h\u0259yat u\u011frunda m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparan personajlar kimi t\u0259qdim edirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O, h\u0259m\u00e7inin f\u0259rdi h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rin sosial v\u0259 \u0259xlaqi n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vur\u011fulama\u011fa sadiq idi, bu da onun \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rini Rusiyada bir \u00e7ox siyasi d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rin \u015fahidi oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6vrd\u0259 \u0259xlaqi g\u0259rginlikl\u0259rl\u0259 z\u0259nginl\u0259\u015fdirirdi. Ostrovski o d\u00f6vrd\u0259 \u0130mperiyadak\u0131 <strong>siyasi g\u0259rginlikd\u0259n<\/strong> k\u0259narda qalmad\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnki m\u00f6vcud sistemi s\u0259rt \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259nqid etdi v\u0259 sosial islahatlar\u0131 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 etdi. Birba\u015fa siyas\u0259t\u00e7i olmasa da, onun sosial v\u0259 iqtisadi \u0259xlaqa dair t\u0259nqidi, hakimiyy\u0259tin \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rusiyada islahat\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259ni stimulla\u015fd\u0131rmaqda b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259sir\u0259 malik idi, lakin \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri ictimaiyy\u0259t aras\u0131nda b\u00f6y\u00fck populyarl\u0131q qazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ostrovskinin Rus teatr\u0131ndak\u0131 irsi b\u00f6y\u00fck bir istinad n\u00f6qt\u0259sidir, \u00e7\u00fcnki o, s\u0259hn\u0259nin c\u0259miyy\u0259tin g\u00fczg\u00fcs\u00fc v\u0259 m\u0259n\u0259vi t\u0259nqid vasit\u0259si kimi rolunu yenid\u0259n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirdi, sad\u0259 v\u0259 s\u0131ravi insanlar\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259mi\u015f bir dramatik m\u00f6vcudluq b\u0259x\u015f etdi v\u0259 canl\u0131 dilin ritmi v\u0259 g\u00fcnd\u0259lik h\u0259yat\u0131n t\u0259f\u0259rr\u00fcatlar\u0131 il\u0259 dolu bir dialoq yaratd\u0131 ki, bu da m\u00fcasir ifa m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rin\u0259 v\u0259 Stanislavski v\u0259 \u00c7exov n\u0259slin\u0259 yol a\u00e7d\u0131. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259, onun pyesl\u0259ri bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada s\u0259hn\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirilir, teatr x\u0259yal\u0131n\u0131 qidaland\u0131r\u0131r v\u0259 onun davaml\u0131 m\u0259d\u0259ni v\u0259 intellektual t\u0259sirini t\u0259sdiql\u0259yir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pavel Melnikov: K\u0259ndlil\u0259rin S\u0259si<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nijni Novqorodda anadan olmu\u015f yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131, etnoqraf v\u0259 sosial t\u0259nqid\u00e7i Pavel \u0130vanovi\u00e7 Melnikov (1818-1883) k\u0259nd Rusiyas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0259n sevimli m\u00f6vzusu v\u0259 m\u0259n\u0259vi s\u0259si etdi. Zad\u0259gan ail\u0259sind\u0259 do\u011fulmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, <strong>imtiyaz<\/strong> cazib\u0259sind\u0259n uzaq qald\u0131 (v\u0259 bu, b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 ail\u0259nin t\u0259vaz\u00f6kar \u0259silli zad\u0259gan ail\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n olmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r). Bu, onun k\u0259ndlil\u0259r\u0259 yax\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131nda, onlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda ya\u015famas\u0131nda v\u0259 k\u0259ndl\u0259rind\u0259 g\u0259z\u0259rk\u0259n, onlar\u0131n g\u00fcnd\u0259lik h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259bzin\u0259 qulaq asmas\u0131nda v\u0259 onu n\u0259qli sah\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259si il\u0259 qar\u0131\u015fd\u0131ran \u0259d\u0259biyyata \u00e7evirm\u0259sind\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rdi. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, onun roman \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri bu marjinal t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259nin h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fczg\u00fcs\u00fcn\u0259 \u00e7evrildi: onlar\u0131n ad\u0259tl\u0259ri v\u0259 narahatl\u0131qlar\u0131, torpaqla \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 onlar\u0131 b\u00fcr\u00fcy\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck sosial d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Melnikov k\u0259ndlil\u0259r\u0259 onlar\u0131n safl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, m\u00fcdrikliyini v\u0259 t\u0259bi\u0259tl\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rini g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n s\u0131x bir insani m\u00f6vcudluq verir, onlar\u0131 sad\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259d\u0259n v\u0259 ya s\u0259thil\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259d\u0259n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Onun uzaqg\u00f6r\u0259nliyi \u0259n m\u0259\u015fhur iki roman\u0131nda, <strong>\u201cMe\u015f\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259\u201d<\/strong> (1874) v\u0259 <strong>\u201cDa\u011flarda\u201d<\/strong> (1879) ayd\u0131n \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259zah\u00fcr edir. Birincisi, modernl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 dal\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259zyiqi alt\u0131nda olan bir k\u0259nd c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin t\u0259f\u0259rr\u00fcatlar\u0131n\u0131 \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irir: \u0259n\u0259n\u0259ni qorumaq v\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259n d\u00fcnyaya uy\u011funla\u015fmaq aras\u0131nda as\u0131l\u0131 qalm\u0131\u015f k\u0259ndlil\u0259r, s\u00fcm\u00fck v\u0259 \u0259s\u0259b kimi torpa\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131rlar, buna baxmayaraq, getdikc\u0259 s\u0259nayel\u0259\u015f\u0259n v\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259\u015f\u0259n bir c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 \u00f6z yerl\u0259rini yenid\u0259n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259y\u0259 s\u00f6vq edilirl\u0259r. \u0130kincisi, k\u0259skin bir \u0259xlaqi m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 alt\u0131nda, torpaq sahibl\u0259ri il\u0259 k\u0259ndlil\u0259r aras\u0131ndak\u0131 qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259ri n\u00fcmayi\u015f etdirir: a\u011falar sinfinin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0259zil\u0259nl\u0259rin q\u0259z\u0259binin y\u00fcks\u0259lm\u0259si v\u0259 iki qarda\u015f\u0131n bir t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n k\u0259nd d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259rin\u0259 s\u0259daq\u0259t, dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n is\u0259 s\u0259rv\u0259t v\u0259 ambisiya cazib\u0259si aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0259ki\u015fm\u0259si&#8230; v\u0259 bu, o zaman Rus torpaqlar\u0131nda k\u0259nd vicdan\u0131 il\u0259 fayda d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259rinin y\u00fcks\u0259li\u015fi aras\u0131ndak\u0131 davam ed\u0259n m\u00fcbariz\u0259nin metaforas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rus yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Pavel \u0130vanovi\u00e7 Melnikov (1818\u20131883)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Melnikov k\u0259ndlil\u0259r\u0259 onlar\u0131n safl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, m\u00fcdrikliyini v\u0259 t\u0259bi\u0259tl\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rini g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n s\u0131x bir insani m\u00f6vcudluq verir, onlar\u0131 sad\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259d\u0259n v\u0259 ya s\u0259thil\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259d\u0259n, \u00fcst\u0259lik, onun romantizmi oyaq t\u0259nqidl\u0259 balansla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r ki, bu da z\u0259hm\u0259ti, \u0259xlaqi m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259blikl\u0259ri v\u0259 insan z\u0259ifliyini etiraf edir. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259, onun personajlar\u0131 haz\u0131r q\u0259libl\u0259rd\u0259n qa\u00e7\u0131r: s\u0259hv ed\u0259n v\u0259 do\u011fru ed\u0259n, yoxsulluq v\u0259 l\u0259yaq\u0259t s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rind\u0259 talel\u0259rin\u0259 m\u00fcqavim\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n \u0259td\u0259n-qandan insanlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u018fd\u0259bi t\u00f6hf\u0259si il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, o, d\u0259qiq bir m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259\u00e7i kimi etnoqrafiya i\u015find\u0259 d\u0259 bacar\u0131ql\u0131 idi, dialektl\u0259ri, rituallar\u0131, bayramlar\u0131 v\u0259 xalq dindarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259rini s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259r\u0259k, \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rini k\u0259nd h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n gizli ritmini v\u0259 insanla torpa\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndak\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259nin d\u0259rinliyini a\u015fkar ed\u0259n qiym\u0259tli <strong>m\u0259d\u0259ni qeydl\u0259r\u0259<\/strong> \u00e7evirdi. H\u0259yat\u0131 boyu qazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u00f6hr\u0259t\u0259 baxmayaraq, \u0259d\u0259bi z\u00f6vq\u00fcn d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259si v\u0259 aristokratiya v\u0259 ziyal\u0131 elitas\u0131 d\u00fcnyalar\u0131na do\u011fru y\u00f6n\u0259lm\u0259si, h\u0259m\u00e7inin \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 prosesinin ir\u0259lil\u0259m\u0259si il\u0259 ad\u0131 t\u0259dric\u0259n solma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131 v\u0259 n\u0259qliyyat n\u0259h\u0259ngl\u0259rinin \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri onun m\u0259hsulunu \u00fcst\u0259l\u0259di. Bununla bel\u0259, onun t\u0259siri k\u00f6kl\u00fc qald\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnki Rus realizminin \u00fcf\u00fcql\u0259rini geni\u015fl\u0259ndirdi v\u0259 k\u0259ndlil\u0259r\u0259 bir s\u0259s, x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259r v\u0259 n\u0259qli l\u0259yaq\u0259t verdi, \u0259lav\u0259 olaraq, onun yox olmaq t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259si alt\u0131nda olan <strong>k\u0259nd yadda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong> qatlar\u0131n\u0131 qorumaq \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259ki i\u015fi d\u0259 var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Yevgeni Baratinski: F\u0259ls\u0259fi \u015eair<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yevgeni Abramovi\u00e7 Baratinskinin (1800-1844) <strong>\u201cRusiyan\u0131n Q\u0131z\u0131l D\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn parlaq f\u0259ls\u0259fi simas\u0131\u201d<\/strong> adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u00fc deyil, o, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259ni n\u0259\u011fm\u0259y\u0259 v\u0259 \u015feirl\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7evir\u0259n, lakin m\u0259nas\u0131n\u0131 itirm\u0259d\u0259n bunu ed\u0259n bir \u015fair idi. Onun h\u0259yat\u0131 zahir\u0259n normal g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259 bil\u0259r: Tambovda n\u0259cib do\u011fulu\u015f, qalmaqaldan sonra \u201cPa\u015f Korpusu\u201dndan erk\u0259n xaric edilm\u0259, Finlandiyada h\u0259rbi xidm\u0259t, Anastasiya Enqelhartla evlilik, sonra 1826-c\u0131 ild\u0259 imperator icaz\u0259si il\u0259 t\u0259qa\u00fcd\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xma, hans\u0131 ki, oxumaq, yaz\u0131\u015fmalar v\u0259 \u015feir yazmaqdan ibar\u0259t nizaml\u0131 bir m\u00fclki h\u0259yat\u0131 formala\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131. Lakin bu s\u00fckun\u0259tin arxas\u0131nda duy\u011fular\u0131 arqumentl\u0259 s\u0131naqdan ke\u00e7ir\u0259n v\u0259 ifad\u0259ni v\u0259 ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn tutan ciddi v\u0259 d\u0259qiq bir \u00fcslub dayan\u0131r, bu da onun Pu\u015fkinin m\u00fcasirl\u0259ri aras\u0131nda <strong>\u201c\u0259n g\u00f6rk\u0259mli f\u0259ls\u0259fi \u015fair\u201d<\/strong> kimi t\u0259sbit edilm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. \u018fn b\u00f6y\u00fck h\u0259y\u0259can b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 onun Neapolda q\u0259fil \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnd\u0259n sonra ba\u015f verdi. D\u00fczd\u00fcr, onun ulduzu q\u0131rx\u0131nc\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 s\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 o zaman dem\u0259k olar ki, unudulmu\u015fdu, lakin Rusiyada simvolizm c\u0259r\u0259yan\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcks\u0259li\u015fi onu yenid\u0259n \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131 v\u0259 x\u00fcsusil\u0259 son \u015feirl\u0259ri say\u0259sind\u0259 m\u00f6hk\u0259m bir t\u0259nqidi m\u00f6vqe qazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Onun \u0259d\u0259bi irsi b\u00f6y\u00fck bir d\u0259y\u0259ri qorudu, \u00e7\u00fcnki s\u0259mimiyy\u0259t v\u0259 m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259blikl\u0259 f\u0259rql\u0259n\u0259n intellektual v\u0259 f\u0259ls\u0259fi \u015feir \u00fcslubunu qurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Onun ilk \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rinin, x\u00fcsus\u0259n d\u0259 <strong>\u201c\u0130da\u201d<\/strong> (1826) v\u0259 <strong>\u201cR\u0259qs Ziyaf\u0259ti\u201d<\/strong> (1828) poemalar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas d\u0259y\u0259ri hekay\u0259nin qurulu\u015fundan daha \u00e7ox poetik m\u00f6vqed\u0259dir, hissiyyat sintaksis v\u0259 s\u0259hn\u0259 qurulu\u015fu vasit\u0259sil\u0259 s\u0131naqdan ke\u00e7iril\u0259n bir f\u0259rziyy\u0259 kimi t\u0259qdim olunur, Finlandiyadak\u0131 t\u0259bi\u0259t m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259si (orada h\u0259rbi xidm\u0259t ke\u00e7m\u0259si s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259) sad\u0259c\u0259 estetik b\u0259z\u0259k deyil, \u0259xlaqi bir \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7evrilir: buradan b\u0259zi m\u00fcasirl\u0259rinin onun **\u201csoyuqlu\u011f\u201d**u hesab etdiyi \u015feyi poetik r\u0259vay\u0259td\u0259 yeni bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 t\u0259rzini gizl\u0259d\u0259n bir p\u0259rd\u0259 kimi ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259k olar. Q\u0131sa elegiyalarda a\u011f\u0131l, <strong>\u201cG\u00f6tenin \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc haqq\u0131nda\u201d<\/strong> (1832) elegiyas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu kimi, hissl\u0259ri hesablanm\u0131\u015f bir formada yenid\u0259n formala\u015fd\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir add\u0131m ir\u0259li gedir ki, bu da h\u0259m arqumentativ, h\u0259m d\u0259 t\u0259sviri g\u00fcc\u00fc birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n bir poeman\u0131n n\u00fcmun\u0259sini t\u0259qdim edir. Texniki s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259, Baratinski \u015feird\u0259 <strong>\u201cgeni\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f d\u00f6vri c\u00fcml\u0259\u201d<\/strong> adland\u0131r\u0131la bil\u0259c\u0259yini kristalla\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnki o, s\u0259tirl\u0259r aras\u0131nda d\u00f6vriyy\u0259 vasit\u0259sil\u0259 z\u0259rfl\u0259rd\u0259n, m\u00f6t\u0259riz\u0259 c\u00fcml\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n v\u0259 d\u0259qiq t\u0259xir\u0259salmalardan istifad\u0259 edir, ritm is\u0259 ah\u0259ngdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 qoruyur, \u00e7\u00fcnki sintaksis analitik vasit\u0259, ritm is\u0259 s\u00fcbut mexanizmidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rus \u015fairi Yevgeni Baratinski (1800\u20131844)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 malik olmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, Baratinski bir s\u0131ra s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259n k\u0259narda qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r ki, bunlar\u0131n \u0259n ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 \u0259d\u0259bi dair\u0259l\u0259rin onu gec tan\u0131mas\u0131, habel\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rinin d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn dominant \u0259d\u0259bi c\u0259r\u0259yanlar\u0131 il\u0259 ziddiyy\u0259t t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259si idi: romantizmd\u0259n a\u00e7\u0131q \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259sirl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 baxmayaraq, onun \u015feiri bu h\u0259r\u0259katla tam uy\u011fun g\u0259lmirdi, bu da onu ziddiyy\u0259tli bir v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259 qoyurdu. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, Baratinski d\u0259rin f\u0259ls\u0259fi xarakterli bir \u015fair idi ki, bu da onun \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rinin emosiya v\u0259 a\u011fl\u0131 birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b bir anlay\u0131\u015f t\u0259l\u0259b etm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olurdu, hans\u0131 ki, bu da o d\u00f6vrd\u0259 oxucunun z\u00f6vq\u00fcn\u0259 h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 uy\u011fun g\u0259lmirdi. Buna baxmayaraq, onun \u0259d\u0259bi irsi b\u00f6y\u00fck bir d\u0259y\u0259ri qorudu, \u00e7\u00fcnki s\u0259mimiyy\u0259t v\u0259 m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259blikl\u0259 f\u0259rql\u0259n\u0259n intellektual v\u0259 f\u0259ls\u0259fi \u015feir \u00fcslubunu qurdu v\u0259 \u0259d\u0259biyyatda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259nin d\u0259rinliyini v\u0259 ifad\u0259 g\u00f6z\u0259lliyini qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndir\u0259nl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ndirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qaynaq: Al-Majalla\/ <strong> <\/strong>15 Sentyabr 2025<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bu g\u00fcn Rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 d\u0259 19-cu \u0259srd\u0259ki son \u0130mperiya d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131 oxumam\u0131\u015f bir oxucu il\u0259 rastla\u015fmaq q\u0259rib\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259 bil\u0259r. Ax\u0131, aram\u0131zda Dostoyevskinin \u201cCinay\u0259t v\u0259 c\u0259za\u201ds\u0131n\u0131, ya Tolsoyun \u201cH\u0259rb v\u0259 S\u00fclh\u201d\u00fcn\u00fc, ya Qoqolun \u201c\u015einel\u201dini, ya da \u00c7exovun \u201c6 n\u00f6mr\u0259li Palata\u201ds\u0131n\u0131 oxumayan v\u0259 ya onlardan x\u0259b\u0259rdar olmayan yoxdur&#8230; Lakin, bu adlar\u0131n v\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rin par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131, h\u0259min d\u00f6vrd\u0259 Rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda b\u00f6y\u00fck v\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli m\u00f6vcudiyy\u0259ti olan, lakin sonradan k\u0259narda qalm\u0131\u015f adlar\u0131 bizd\u0259n gizl\u0259tmi\u015fdir. Bu \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin k\u0259narda qalmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olan bir \u00e7ox amil var, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n onlar\u0131n fikirl\u0259rinin erk\u0259n inki\u015faf\u0131, h\u0259m\u00e7inin Rusiyan\u0131n \u015fahidi oldu\u011fu siyasi v\u0259 ictimai d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r, hans\u0131lar ki, onlar\u0131n unudulmas\u0131na t\u00f6hf\u0259 verdi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":1009,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_locale":"az","_original_post":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/?p=1015","custom_author_name":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[74,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1015","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-box","category-article","az"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1015","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1015"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1015\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1019,"href":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1015\/revisions\/1019"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1009"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1015"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1015"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/anlamtv.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1015"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}